Maintenance

1. Monitor

• ps and pstree

  ps -aux | less
  pstree
  pstree -p | less

• top, htop, glances

  top
  htop
  
  apt install glances
  glances

• systemctl

  systemctl --help
  systemctl list-units
  systemctl list-sockets
  systemctl list-timers -l
  systemctl status
  systemctl cat nginx
  nano /lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
  systemctl show nginx

• journalctl

  journalctl
  journalctl --help
  journalctl -k
  journalctl -b -u apache2 -r
  journalctl -u apache2 -f

• /var/log/

  ls /var/log/
  ls /var/log/journal/
  tail /var/log/fail2ban.log
  
  ls /var/log/nginx/
  tail /var/log/nginx/error.log
  tail /var/log/nginx/access.log
  
  ls /var/log/postgresql/
  tail /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-15-main.log
  
  ls /var/log/letsencrypt/
  tail /var/log/letsencrypt/letsencrypt.log
  
  ls /var/log/apache2/
  tail /var/log/apache2/wp1-access.log -f

2. Backup/Restore

2.1 WordPress

1. Backup:

   systemctl stop apache2
   
   cd /var/www/wp1/
   wp db export db.sql
   nano db.sql
   
   cd ..
   tar cfz wp1-$(date +%Y%m%d).tgz wp1/
   ls -lh
   tar tfz wp1-*.tgz | less
   
   systemctl start apache2

   It is safer to save the backup archive somewhere outside the VPS (using scp, sftp, rsync, etc.)

2. Restore:

   systemctl stop apache2
   
   # delete current installation
   cd /var/www/wp1/
   wp db drop
   cd ..
   rm -rf wp1/
   ls
   
   # restore the backup
   tar xfz wp1-*.tgz
   cd wp1
   ls -al
   wp db create
   wp db import db.sql
   
   systemctl start apache2

3. Create a backup script:

   cat <<'_EOF_' > ~/wp1-backup.sh
   #!/bin/bash -x
   
   systemctl stop apache2
   
   cd /var/www/wp1/
   wp db export db.sql
   cd ..
   tar cfz wp1-$(date +%Y%m%d).tgz wp1/
   mv *.tgz ~/
   
   systemctl start apache2
   _EOF_

4. Test the backup script:

   cd
   chmod +x wp1-backup.sh
   rm /var/www/*.tgz
   ./wp1-backup.sh
   ls -lh
   tar tfz wp1-*.tgz | less

2.2 NextCloud

1. Backup:

   occ maintenance:mode --on
   
   # backup DB
   cd /var/www/nc1/
   su -l postgres -c 'pg_dump --clean -d nc1db' > db.sql
   ls -lh db.sql
   nano db.sql
   
   cd ..
   tar cfz nc1-$(date +%Y%m%d).tgz nc1/
   ls -lh
   tar tfz nc1-*.tgz | less
   
   occ maintenance:mode --off

2. Restore:

   systemctl stop nginx
   
   cd /var/www/
   rm -rf nc1/
   ls
   
   tar xfz ~/nc1-*.tgz
   ls
   cd nc1/
   su -l postgres -c "psql -d nc1db -f $(pwd)/db.sql"
   
   systemctl start nginx

3. Create a backup script:

   cat <<'_EOF_' > ~/nc1-backup.sh
   #!/bin/bash -x
   
   occ='sudo -u www-data php /var/www/nc1/occ'
   $occ maintenance:mode --on
   
   cd /var/www/nc1/
   su -l postgres -c 'pg_dump --clean -d nc1db' > db.sql
   cd ..
   tar cfz nc1-$(date +%Y%m%d).tgz nc1/
   mv *.tgz ~/
   
   $occ maintenance:mode --off
   _EOF_

4. Test the backup script:

   cd
   chmod +x nc1-backup.sh
   rm /var/www/*.tgz
   ./nc1-backup.sh
   ls -lh
   tar tfz nc1-*.tgz | less

3. Migrate

If the migration is just moving from one server to another, without changing the domain names, then it can be done like this:

1. Make a backup on the old server.
2. Transfer it to the new server.
3. Restore it on the new server.

If domain names are changed, you should also change the siteurl and home options for WP. For NC, you should edit config/config.php and modify the domain names.

See also: Migrating Nextcloud

4. Update/Upgrade

note

Before an upgrade, it is strongly recommended to make a backup.

4.1 WordPress

It can be done from the web interface as well, but it is safer from the command line.

systemctl stop apache2

# Update WordPress core
wp core version
wp core update
wp core update-db

# Update all plugins
wp plugin update --all

# Update all themes
wp theme update --all

# Clear cache
wp cache flush

systemctl start apache2

4.2 NextCloud

It can be upgraded from the GUI, however an upgrade from the command line is recommended.

cd /var/www/nc1/
ls updater/

systemctl stop nginx

sudo -u www-data php updater/updater.phar --no-interaction

occ upgrade
occ app:update --all
occ db:add-missing-indices
occ db:convert-filecache-bigint

systemctl start nginx